Sequential — when stages depend

Use when: output of stage N is input to stage N+1. Predictable latency, easy to debug. Downside: no parallelism, and one slow stage blocks the whole chain.

Advertisement

Parallel — when stages don't depend

Use when: N specialists can work on the same input independently. Latency = slowest branch. Downside: N times the cost, harder failure modes.

Advertisement

Loop — when quality needs iteration

Use when: 'draft, critique, revise' improves quality. Unpredictable latency, always cap iterations. Downside: hard to reason about cost.