Why it matters

Rate limits shape cost + safety. Foundation for production.

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The architecture

Token bucket per identity.

Refill per interval.

429 on exhausted.

Rate limit flowRequestwith identityCheck buckettokens available?Allow or 429429 on emptyResilience4j provides Java-native rate limiter; Redis-based for distributed
Rate limiting.
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How it works end to end

Resilience4j RateLimiter.

Redis-based for distributed.

Per-user, per-tenant, per-model.

Rate limit by tokens (LLM-specific).