Why it matters

Virtual threads simplify concurrent Java. Understanding shapes modern design.

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The architecture

Thread.ofVirtual().start().

Blocks look blocking; JVM yields on I/O.

Millions concurrent OK.

Virtual threads stackVirtual threadcheap to createBlocking I/Oyields to carrierStructured concurrencyscope + cancelJava 21 GA; simpler code than reactive for I/O-bound workloads
Virtual threads.
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How it works end to end

Thread.startVirtualThread.

Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor.

Structured concurrency preview.

Avoid synchronized (pinning).