Why it matters
AES is workhorse symmetric cipher. Understanding shapes crypto.
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The architecture
SubBytes + ShiftRows + MixColumns + AddRoundKey per round.
10/12/14 rounds for 128/192/256.
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How it works end to end
Rijndael 1998 winner.
Modes: CBC, CTR, GCM.
AES-NI hardware acceleration.
AEAD via GCM standard.