Why it matters
FFT is one of the most important algorithms in computing. Understanding matters for signal processing and algorithm design.
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The architecture
Polynomial evaluation at n points × pointwise mult + interpolation.
DFT: O(n²). FFT: divide-and-conquer using roots of unity, O(n log n).
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How it works end to end
Cooley-Tukey: standard radix-2 FFT. O(n log n).
Inverse FFT: convert back. Similar algorithm with conjugate roots.
Applications: polynomial mult, big integer multiplication (via poly), convolution, signal analysis.
Number Theoretic Transform (NTT): integer-only variant using modular arithmetic. Avoids floating-point errors.