Why it matters
Random permutation is a workhorse of ML and simulation. Getting it wrong biases everything downstream.
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The architecture
Fisher-Yates shuffles in place.
O(n) time, O(1) extra memory.
Uniform over permutations.
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How it works end to end
Fisher-Yates in-place.
Uniform over permutations.
O(n) time, O(1) extra memory.