Why it matters

Persistent treaps enable versioned ops. Understanding shapes persistent DS.

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The architecture

Path-copy on updates.

Share unchanged subtrees.

Query any version.

Persistent treap structurePath-copy updatelog n new nodesShare subtreesunchangedQuery versionany past stateImplicit persistent treap represents arrays with persistent operations
Persistent treaps.
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How it works end to end

Path-copy standard.

Random priorities.

Implicit treap for arrays.