Core concept
Node/Python: 100-500ms typical. Java/.NET: 500ms-5s (JVM/CLR init). Container images: slower than zip. VPC: +1-10s historically (much better now).
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How it works
Provisioned Concurrency: keep N envs warm. Costs $/hour. SnapStart (Java): pre-snapshot init state. Free but Java-only + prep time.
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Trade-offs + gotchas
Trim dependencies. Lazy-load rarely-used modules. Avoid VPC unless required. Use ARM Graviton (faster).