Full repair
Merkle tree per range, compare, sync mismatches. Expensive. Traditional approach.
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Incremental repair
Track already-repaired SSTables. Only new data hashed. Faster on second+ runs. Historically buggy — 4.0+ mostly reliable.
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Subrange repair
Split token range into subranges. Repair one at a time. Reduces impact per run. Reaper automates.