State-based (CvRDT)

Replicas exchange full state. Merge = commutative + associative + idempotent join. G-Counter, PN-Counter, OR-Set.

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Operation-based (CmRDT)

Replicas exchange operations. Commutative ops. Requires reliable causal broadcast. Delta-CRDTs hybrid.

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G-Counter

Grow-only counter. Vector of per-replica increments. Merge = element-wise max.