Why it matters

Data bottleneck common. Understanding shapes fix.

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The architecture

Profile: GPU util < 90% often data-bound.

Fix: workers + prefetch + faster IO.

DataLoader bottleneck fixProfileGPU util + waitIncrease workersnum_workersFaster IONVMe + cacheSometimes preprocessing on-the-fly is the issue; precompute
Bottleneck diagnosis.
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How it works end to end

num_workers: try 4-16.

persistent_workers=True: avoid worker restart.

Preprocess once + cache.

Faster IO: NVMe, memmap.