Why it matters

PUE benchmarks efficiency. Lower = more IT per unit power.

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The architecture

Total power: IT + cooling + lighting + misc.

IT power: servers + network + storage.

PUE calculationTotal facilitypower inIT loadserversPUE ratiototal / ITHyperscalers: 1.1-1.2; typical enterprise 1.5-1.8; some legacy 2.0+
PUE.
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How it works end to end

Cooling dominates overhead.

PUE 1.1-1.2: excellent (hyperscale).

Water cooling + evaporation helps.

Also see: WUE (water), CUE (carbon).