Why it matters

FHE is holy grail but not practical for LLM yet. Understanding shapes future.

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The architecture

FHE schemes: BFV, CKKS, TFHE.

Overhead: 10^3-10^6x for LLM ops.

FHE for LLMEncrypted inputclient keyFHE compute10^6x slowerEncrypted resultclient decryptsZama + Duality Technologies + IBM research; not production-ready
FHE for LLM.
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How it works end to end

Research: encrypted embedding lookup, encrypted linear layers.

Full LLM FHE impractical.

Hybrid: FHE + confidential compute.