Why it matters

Character-level attacks bypass filters. Understanding shapes robust filtering.

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The architecture

Original: 'bomb'.

Attack: 'b0mb', 'bcomb', 'b-o-m-b'.

Filter misses; LLM reads.

Character-level attacksPayload wordsensitive tokenPerturb charsinsertion / permutationBypasses filterLLM reads intentAlso: leet-speak, spaces, homoglyphs (Cyrillic vs Latin)
Typoglycemia.
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How it works end to end

Character substitution, homoglyphs, spaces.

Semantic filters better than exact-match.

Normalization pre-filter.