Stage 1: SFT

Instruction-follow via supervised. 10k-100k demonstrations. Warm-start for policy.

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Stage 2: Reward Model

Train model to predict preference scores from (prompt, response) pairs. Bradley-Terry loss on ranked pairs.

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Stage 3: PPO

Policy π maximizes reward - β·KL(π || π_ref). KL penalty prevents drift. Actor-critic training.