Why it matters

Backpressure prevents system meltdown. Without it, queues explode and everything dies.

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The architecture

Bounded queues.

Signal upstream on saturation.

Propagate to client.

Backpressure mathBounded queuesat each layerSignal upstreamon saturationClient sees429 backoffBounded queues at every layer; propagate 429 with Retry-After
Backpressure math.
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How it works end to end

Bounded queues.

Signal via 429/backoff.

Propagate through system.