Why it matters

Dense retrieval is RAG workhorse. Understanding shapes design.

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The architecture

Encode query + docs.

Vector search (ANN).

Top-K by similarity.

Dense retrieval flowEncodebi-encoderANN indexHNSW / IVFTop-Kcosine / dotDPR + Sentence-BERT + BGE + E5 + GTE modern embedding families
Dense retrieval math.
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How it works end to end

DPR + Sentence-BERT foundations.

Modern: BGE + E5 + GTE + Cohere.

Contrastive training.