Why it matters

HNSW dominates ANN. Understanding shapes vector DB.

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The architecture

Multi-layer graph.

Higher layers: fewer + long links.

Search: greedy descent + refinement.

HNSW structureMulti-layer graphsmall-worldGreedy searchtop-downRefine bottomtop-KMalkov + Yashunin 2016; used by many vector DBs (Pinecone + Milvus + Qdrant)
HNSW math.
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How it works end to end

Malkov + Yashunin 2016.

Parameters: M + efConstruction + efSearch.

Recall-latency trade via ef.