Why it matters
Optimizer choice shapes training cost + quality. Understanding shapes design.
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The architecture
SGD: simple; requires careful LR.
Adam: adaptive per-param; needs Beta1, Beta2.
AdamW: decoupled weight decay.
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How it works end to end
Adam: m_t = beta1 m_(t-1) + (1-beta1) g; v_t similar with g^2.
Step: m_hat / (sqrt(v_hat) + eps).
AdamW: weight decay separate from gradient.