Why it matters

SPLADE is modern sparse method. Understanding shapes retrieval.

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The architecture

MLM head predicts term importance.

Sparse vector over vocab.

Inverted index compatible.

SPLADE structureMLM headpredict term weightsSparse vectorover vocabInverted indexcompatible with BM25 infraFormal et al. 2021; combines dense-model learning with sparse-index efficiency
SPLADE math.
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How it works end to end

Formal et al. 2021.

SPLADE-v3 modern.

Compatible with existing sparse infra.