Why it matters

Perturbation family shapes robustness. Understanding shapes defense.

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The architecture

Add noise / drop chars / swap tokens.

Aggregate over samples.

Perturbation defensesInputcandidateMultiple perturbsdifferent noiseAggregate outputsvote / consensusCharacter-level cheaper than token-level; both defeated by adaptive attacks
Perturbation.
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How it works end to end

Character-level: cheap + effective vs GCG.

Token-level: expensive.

Aggregation: majority / average.